Persuasive Essay On Cyberbullying - 1064 Words

A 13 yr old girl gives her phone number to her best friend. Her best friend gives it to her friends. The 13 yrd old doesnt care about it because, she thinks that her friends, friends aren’t going to do anything. The 13 yr old gets a non recognized text message a few days after her phone number was leaked to other people. The text message wasnt any good news, a bully had reached her phone number and, was on the way to cyberbullying her. The 13 yr old started to be cyberbullied from there, but she didn’t want to say anything which was to much presure for her. The 13 yr old fell into a stage of very bad depression which lead her into making bad choices for ways of relieving her stress. As an older sister, and cousin I wanted to find†¦show more content†¦Cyberbullying can happen any day at, anytime, and anywhere you are. Cyberbullying has grown so much through the years that now it has become some kind of common issue. Cyber Bullying usually happens between t eens because, of arguments, racial harassment, or because of physical features .One of the most unbelievable causes for cyberbullying is that parents may be the cause for their kids to cyberbully someone else. Parents who use aggressive communication toward their children , will cause the kid problems in school, and out of school. Study also shows that many teens are being influenced by their friends to do things they shouldnt do like cyberbullying. Cyberbullies think that bullying others , making them feel bad about themselves, and making them do things they shouldn’t do is ok but what they dont know is that they are the cause for any teens committing suicide,and making choices they will regret after it happens. Even though its hard to stop cyberbullying around the world because, not everyone has the same opinion as us, we can make change. By not visiting social media you know will cause you bad things, and by not being too much onShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Cyb erbullying1172 Words   |  5 Pagescan we prevent kids from cyberbullying and make them understand how bad it is. This is my driving question because I want to help people to stop cyberbullying and hurting other peoples feelings. I think my problem can be solved. I think it can be solved because if other people try to help we can find the cyberbullies and we can talk to them and try to reason with them to help prevent them from cyberbullying other people and tellRead MorePersuasive Essay On Cyberbullying935 Words   |  4 PagesMany people want to stop cyberbullying like this, the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature. Cyberbullying, similar to other types of bullying, takes place online, usually through text messages or social media and hurts other people’s feelings. Bullying in any form leads to some real problems in th e victims, so fixing this problem at the source serves as the only viable solution. Cyberbullying happens to more peopleRead MorePersuasive Essay On Cyberbullying1105 Words   |  5 Pages Rebecca Ann Sedwick was a victim of cyberbullying. At the age of twelve, she committed suicide after being bullied online. Months prior to her suicide, her former friends left hateful comments on her social media, with scathing messages that asked â€Å"Why are you still alive?† to extreme ones that said â€Å"Go kill yourself.† These messages took a great toll on her mental health, and after months of dealing with relentless bullying, Rebecca Ann Sedwick took her own life. On Tuesday, September 10th, 2013Read MorePersuasive Essay On Cyberbullying1068 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Stop Cyberbullying First, I will explain how a student got cyberbullied and never reported it, Then I will explain how this girl was trying to commit suicide and tried, but it didn’t work (which is a good thing) Finally, I will describe how she got better and how she tried to stop it specifically how she did stop it. What is Cyberbullying? Cyberbullying is when someone uses of electronic to send messages of intimidating or threatening. Over half of teens worldwide have been cyberbulliedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Cyberbullying1783 Words   |  8 Pagesto. Schools, parents and lawmakers need to do more in order to stop cyberbullying, so people understand what it really means and does to others. What is cyberbullying and who does it affect. Cyberbullying is when one person is cruel to another person using the internet defined as being cruel to others by using the Internet or other technology. It can affect everyone, but the main target tends to be students (â€Å"Cyberbullying†). Many times, offensive messages are sent by text messages or by postingRead MorePersuasive Essay Topics1228 Words   |  5 Pages101 Persuasive Essay Topics By: Mr. Morton Whether you are a student in need of a persuasive essay topic, or a teacher looking to assign a persuasive essay, this list of 101 persuasive essay topics should be a great resource. I taxed my brain to create this huge list of persuasive essay topics relevant to todays society, but I believe I am happy with the results. I appreciate any and all comments or feedback. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24

The Death Penalty Costly, Counterproductive, And Corrupting

Bright, Stephen B.: The death penalty as the answer to crime: costly, counterproductive and corrupting; 35 Santa Clara Law Review 1211 (1995) Summary paragraph: In Stephen Bright’s article, â€Å"The Death Penalty as the Answer to Crime: Costly, Counterproductive, and Corrupting† Bright asserts that capital punishment does not work because it is racially biased, the quality of the lawyers and attorneys supplied by the state to poor defendants is unfair, and that the law system currently in place does not accomplish its true goals. Bright defends his claim with logos and ethos by examining the opinions of judges and district attorneys, and by describing experience within the fields of human rights and law himself in order to persuade the reader to take up more cases for those on death row. Given the language used in this article Bright is writing to an audience with intermediate to professional experience within the field of law, and a willingness to adopt a new idea on the constitutionality behind the death penalty. Paraphrase paragraphs: Although the Southern United States is considered to be the death belt of the country due to the lack of public defender programs, many other regions within the U.S. such as the West have more exceptional public defender programs. Young lawyers are usually the advocates who go to these offices and provide fair representation to poor people accused of crimes. This lack of proper representation is absent in the South, which is in need of qualityShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagescultures than it is today as the globalized workplace puts greater demands on workers. Concerns about overwork have also become very prevalent in the rapidly growing economic sphere of East Asia. The Japanese even have a term, karoshi, referring to death from overwork. Research to date does suggest that work–life concerns are present in other cultures. For example, most studies find that feelings of conflict between work and personal life are related to lower levels of satisfaction and higher levels

Automotive E-Coat Paint Process Simulation Using FEA Free Essays

By applying an electrical current, a thin paint film forms veer all the surfaces in contact with the liquid, including those surfaces in recessed portions of the body. The E-coat paint process deposits a thin paint film on the automotive body under the influence of a voltage gradient of about 200 to 300 volts. The water-based E-coat paint bath is conductive with an array of anodes that extends into the bath delivering a DC current. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive E-Coat Paint Process Simulation Using FEA or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paint film that forms has physical properties that resist corrosion (these appear only after the automotive body has been cured in an oven). However, as the paint film forms, its electrical resistance increases. In the past several years, two-dimensional (2-D) FEE models of the E-coat paint process have been developed for specific or limited applications. In this paper, we discuss a general three-dimensional (3-D) FEE method using ALGER software. This method can simulate the formation of the E-coat film and can thus predict its thickness at any point on the surface of the automotive body. Operational variables, such as voltages and process duration, are used to simulate the time-dependent interaction among the automotive body, the increasing paint layer and the liquid thin the E-coat bath. The method is based on a quasi-static technique that accounts for the changing material properties of the paint layer. A quasi-static approach is appropriate because the time required for the electric field to be established is much smaller than the duration of the paint deposition process. The actual time is simulated by considering a series of time steps, each of which requires an electrostatic solution. The E-coat film thickness is updated during each time step. A primary concern is how to model the changing FEE geometry due to the growth of the E-coat film. Technology has been developed that is capable of generating a film of specified thickness (as a function of position) on the automotive body. Because of symmetry along the longitudinal axis of the automotive body, only half the body was modeled. In addition, an enclosing box was constructed around the automotive body and features were created for the possible anode locations. Generally, there is little electrical interaction between two adjacent automotive bodies. Any net electrical current that flows into the leading and trailing surfaces of the enclosing box is considered negligible. The space between the outside of this box and the automotive body will be considered as the E-coat paint bath. Furthermore, the growth of the E- coat film is assumed to be perpendicular to the surface of the automotive body at all times. Laboratory experiments can establish an accurate estimate of the deposition coefficient of the E-coat film that forms in response to the flow of electrical current. The result of interest is the flow of DC electrical current that causes the E-coat film to form. The growth of the E-coat film is dependent on the number of Coulombs that are levered. In each iteration, the FEE model is solved for electrical current flow from which the E-coat film thickness can then be calculated. The material properties for each of the elements where the E-coat film develops are also changed in response to the growth in the E-coat film thickness. Another feature of a typical automotive E-coat paint system is the use of multiple voltage zones and differing locations where the anodes are placed in the E-coat bath. These factors affect the application of voltages in the FEE model. The appropriate voltage values must be added or updated for each new iteration as required. The primary use of the method is to predict how, as the paint layer forms, the effective electrical resistance increases, which prompts the current to seek out less resistive paths. Even though the paint film that forms has drastically reduced conductivity compared to the surrounding E-coat paint bath, it is not enough to stop its continued growth past the optimum thickness which is generally about 25 p. A 3-D FEE model of the E-coat paint process would not only help he designers of a new automotive body obtain a more uniform paint distribution, but could be advantageous to existing assembly plants, as they explore means to reduce costs as well as make improvements to existing designs. It is well known that the layout of the anodes and the automotive body have a significant impact on the overall electrical resistance of the system, and thus the amount of current that must be delivered. In some circumstances, assembly plants are faced with the challenge of obtaining an adequate E-coat paint thickness on exposed parts of the automotive odd, while avoiding an insufficient thickness in recessed regions. The standard solution is to increase the overall voltage, which results in greater energy and material costs. The resulting E-coat paint thickness achieved on the exposed parts of the body is particularly costly because it provides for no additional corrosion protection. Using the method discussed in this paper, engineers can perform a variety of optimization exercises without incurring the high costs or risks of making operational modifications to the existing E-coat paint process at an assembly plant. How to cite Automotive E-Coat Paint Process Simulation Using FEA, Essays

Why be Moral Essay Example For Students

Why be Moral? Essay In our culture, many people are asking the same questions. What makes me better than you? Who says I have to treat you that way? Why does America think it is better than any other country? All of these questions arise from the same question: what are morals? This question leads to another relevant question: why be moral? What, if anything, makes man a moral creature and thus makes him responsible? However, is there any way we can really know that there are certain inherent laws which govern man, and behind these laws is there a Lawgiver that holds men accountable to these laws?I believe that all these questions can be answered through careful observation and logical thinking. Let us first look at the one thing we know for sure and that is man. We can know this for sure because we are men so we would know how we act. When we associate with others, we do so with some rules of fairness in mind. We treat others in a certain way and expect them to treat us in the same way or we say it is unfair or selfish. We just expect the other person to know that such an act is wrong and that they must play by the same rules that we are. Why do we expect this though? They did not grow up the same way you did. They were not raised by the same parents or even in the same household. So why should one expect them to know the same rules of fairness that you know. If the only basis for your assumption that they should know the rules is because you think the rules are right, then you have no reason to expect them to act that way. However, the other person does indeed know these rules. If they did not, when challenged as to why they did not follow the rules, people would not immediately make excuses of why what they did was not going against these rules. If someone hits another person, their response is not it is not wrong to hit someone, it is something like if you knew how much they were bugging me, you would know why I hit them. People are so concerned about breaking these rules they are constantly making excuses. Why would they be so concerned if there was no inherent law given to men when they are created?We can also look at cultures throughout history for evidence of this law. If one looks at history, they would be able to see that there are certain good and vices common to all civilizations throughout history. There are always small differences in the morals of civilizations, but there are certain ones that are common to all. For example, it has never been thought that cowardice was a virtue or that honesty was bad. Besides this fact, the differences in morals between these civilizations are also scrutinized by outsiders. One can not make a distinction that one cultures morals are any better than anothers unless they are admitting there is a real Right that one cultures morals are closer to than the others. There must be this real Right and real Wrong standard in order for any two to be judged by. Where does this moral standard come from? It was not made up by men, so why are men so compelled to follow it?Men are under the influence of a variety of laws all the time. Almost all the laws are scientific laws which men cannot break even if they tried their hardest. The moral law however, is the only law in which man is free to break. There is nothing that strictly makes a man do the right thing, only an influence telling the man to do the right thing. .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 , .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .postImageUrl , .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 , .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9:hover , .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9:visited , .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9:active { border:0!important; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9:active , .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9 .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udde6569db6324d50a654d1115b5a24c9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rayamaya Essay There is another thing that needs to be mentioned here. Urges that men get are not the law in themselves. As C.S. Lewiss example goes, if a man falls through the ice, a person will have two urges. One urge is to help the person, and the other urge is an urge for you to remain safe. These two urges cannot be

Hip Hops Betrayal of Black Women free essay sample

The HIP Hop music Industry Is Infamous for being controversial. In the article HIP Hops Betrayal of Black Women theres a debate on whether the exploitation and constant verbal slander of women should be acceptable just because it sales records. It presents the question that why is it that male poverty breeds sexism? Even though women may have lived in the same environment males still see women as the enemy in their music in an effort to sell records.If you listen to almost any rap song especially from the big time platinum selling artists, basically their lyrics are going to be about one of two things The money they have or about bitched and hoes. Besides the fact that with todays many technological advancements that its hard to be successful In the music Industry with the Illegal downloading, leaking etc. If you want to make a name for yourself and maintain your fan base at the end of the day you have to sell recordsEspecially being a new artist youre going to be Judged heavily n how well your first single goes which ultimately determines how well your album will sale but all thats based on if people feel your music and how well your image is put out to the public. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hops Betrayal of Black Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So the dilemma comes when artist are faced with the question are you going with the norm? Or are you willing to branch out and jeopardize your career?Many times you see artist that are labeled one hit wonders that cant produce another hit and then the only way to redeem themselves it to feature themselves with a more well-known artist to help boost their credentials. So instead f taking that chance and being different and not playing into the dominant chorus of misogyny (McMullen 297) they easily revert back to the common vernacular mandates that are In every song as somewhat of a safety net In order to be considered a down, hip and mainstream artist.As stated In the article those who decide not to Join the misogynistic rap trend and actually rap about Important Issues or just other topics than making it rain in the club, such as Common, B. O. B or Taliban Swell, dont receive the same recognition as a Jay-Z who stick to the mainstream paper stereotype for years and at times is heavily scrutinized for his choice of lyrics but at the same time has and continue to sell millions of records.In the same token it doesnt work the other way around when female rappers try to rap about how much money they got and about men, without them running the risk of being called a pitch,ho, Dyke etc. Besides the fact that female hip hop artist are an endangered spec ies and barely sale as it is, unless they present themselves as a slut and show half their body in a video they become Irrelevant. Sad to say people onto want to hear a woman rap about the same thing a man would, like her In the streets, shooting people beefing with other artists etc. Instead they want to hear her rap about being sexy and many women believe that that undermines the true meaning of what hip hop is because in actuality rap isnt a porno, its music and your Hop artist Eve whose well-known for being one of the few successful female rap artist today, refers to herself as a pit bull in a skirt and was featured in a video entitled Pigeons which is a huge woman slandering song, which many people after seeing his was very disappointing and heartbreaking to some to see a woman associating herself with men who are disrespecting other women in the same video.Which brings me to the example that the pressure of women to be hyper-feminine and hyper sexual for the pleasure of men, and unless women agree to compromise their truths, self respect and unity with other women, they will be either targeted, slandered or ignored altogether. (McMullen 298) Regardless of the many different viewpoints that this issue presents, its clear that en thing remains constant is the fact that sex sales, its all around us in this day and age and the youth follow what they see and hear.If they see rappers calling females out of their name with big chains and expensive cars throwing all their money in videos, then they look up to the guys they see in those videos and are going to buy in to what their seeing and hearing on the radio, on TV, on the internet, on the streets and in school regardless if its true Just like advertisement. Even though many of the rappers that rap about misogyny sound like they live what their saying, many dont actually believe what theyre saying theyll still say it anyway Just to get a paycheck.

Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized

Should cannabis be legalized? I think so. If you agree with me then read this article. If you don’t, then read it anyway. It might teach you a thing, or two, about reality. Cannabis, weed, grass, and marijuana; they are all the same: completely harmless, and completely misunderstood. 260 million people worldwide use it for its potential advantages. Those who don’t use it are missing out. In 1973, the drug was banned from use in Britain, much to the dismay of its users. For twenty-seven years, people have fought for the right to use it as a drug, unsuccessfully. Read on to find out the mistake that we have made. The first point that politicians raise is that cannabis has a worse effect on the user than tobacco in cigarettes. This is also the first point at which they stumble. Cannabis is ten times worse for the lungs when mixed with tobacco, but alone, cannabis does not cause any negative effects such as those of cigarettes. However, a cigarette does not simply contain tobacco. It also contains over 2000 other chemicals, such as tar and nicotine, which affect the body in negative ways. As for alcohol, not only can it affect the body in the long term, but there is also a risk in ‘drink-driving’. Far more people die, at present, under the effect of alcohol and cigarettes than die from cannabis. And, very importantly, both cigarettes and alcohol are addictive, whereas, it is impossible to become physically addicted to cannabis. It is also impossible to over-dose on cannabis, and people who die after taking it, die of their own stupidity. One claim is that, if cannabis were legalized, the tobacco companies would jump at the chance to produce tobacco-based reefers so as to get more young people addicted to smoking tobacco. I feel this is true. However, if someone is buying cigarettes, they are buying them for the pleasurable effects that come with them. If they are buying cannabis, they are buying it for exactly the sa... Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized Should cannabis be legalized? I think so. If you agree with me then read this article. If you don’t, then read it anyway. It might teach you a thing, or two, about reality. Cannabis, weed, grass, and marijuana; they are all the same: completely harmless, and completely misunderstood. 260 million people worldwide use it for its potential advantages. Those who don’t use it are missing out. In 1973, the drug was banned from use in Britain, much to the dismay of its users. For twenty-seven years, people have fought for the right to use it as a drug, unsuccessfully. Read on to find out the mistake that we have made. The first point that politicians raise is that cannabis has a worse effect on the user than tobacco in cigarettes. This is also the first point at which they stumble. Cannabis is ten times worse for the lungs when mixed with tobacco, but alone, cannabis does not cause any negative effects such as those of cigarettes. However, a cigarette does not simply contain tobacco. It also contains over 2000 other chemicals, such as tar and nicotine, which affect the body in negative ways. As for alcohol, not only can it affect the body in the long term, but there is also a risk in ‘drink-driving’. Far more people die, at present, under the effect of alcohol and cigarettes than die from cannabis. And, very importantly, both cigarettes and alcohol are addictive, whereas, it is impossible to become physically addicted to cannabis. It is also impossible to over-dose on cannabis, and people who die after taking it, die of their own stupidity. One claim is that, if cannabis were legalized, the tobacco companies would jump at the chance to produce tobacco-based reefers so as to get more young people addicted to smoking tobacco. I feel this is true. However, if someone is buying cigarettes, they are buying them for the pleasurable effects that come with them. If they are buying cannabis, they are buying it for exactly the sa...

Juvenile Gangs in America Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Juvenile Gangs in America - Term Paper Example Gangs are found in both urban and rural areas. Adult criminal offenders emanate from gangs at an early age and recruit their members from the gangs. Gangs should be diverted into constructive activities where they can positively utilize their energy and honestly make money instead of using criminal means. Juvenile Gangs in America The case of the young gang member is a sad one as instead of having a fruitful youth they waste themselves in burglary, muggings, robbery, gang wars, drug abuse and drug sale according to Franzese, Covey and Menard (2006). Both males and females engage in gang activities and may find themselves in juvenile jails at an early age owing to criminal activities in which they engage. This paper aims to study Juvenile gangs in America; types of Juvenile gangs, what causes them and the effect they have on society and the crimes they engage in, in the United States. The youth are constantly striving to seek for answers as to who they really are. They are looking to define their character, their objectives and pathways in life. This is probably the reason why gangs are constituted mainly of the youth; people lost looking to find their footing in life and in society. Law enforcers define gangs in a simple way as organized groups that join together for the common objective of committing criminal offences (Barrows and Huff, 2009). Barrows and Huff also state that gangs are strongly glued together, very organized, secretive and violent; a group that is a fast growing great threat to society. They also look to find where they feel safe and secure and a place where they feel dignified. Gangs offer this forum and make the young person feel comfortable and protected. The disadvantage with gangs, even as they offer this homely feel for the youth, is that they offer the wrong advice; a tool of menace instead of positive development. United States has experienced a rebirth of gangs and crimes perpetuated by gangs over the last twenty years (Katz and Webb, 2006). Johnson (2004) submits that there are various types of youth gangs in the streets of United States. Scavengers at times referred to as wanna-be gangs are mainly consisted of whites from the suburbs whose main purpose is to bully and threaten other youngsters. Hispanic gangs, on the other hand, named as territorial gangs gather respect. African American gangs and a few Hispanic gangs called hardcore gangs endeavor to generate money by all means and kick out rival groups through violent. Members of a particular gang share various things such as ambition, devoutness and even backgrounds. The juvenile gang menace is mistaken to be uniquely American but it is a characteristic of many other nations and continents too as state by Siegel and Welsh (2011). The UK is a good example of a state disturbed by juvenile gangs and specifically the capital, London. Though there are many kinds of Juvenile gangs in the US, they tend to share similar characteristics. Such characteristics are; th ey are made up of youths, they protect particular territories mainly in the streets and they are immersed in criminal activities of all sorts. Gangs in the United States exist in all cities and members of gangs tend to evolve into leaders of organized crime settings (Finley, 2007). Young juvenile gang members are often trained by adults and are taught many things among them particular ways of

Write a paper of approximately 1500 words examining a topic of your Essay

Write a paper of approximately 1500 words examining a topic of your choice - Essay Example However, smoking is rapidly becoming unpopular in the society today. Sensitization campaigns have been lodged and bills pushed by legislators to bring to end the laws that legalize smoking, especially cigarette. Smoking in many regions can be associated with social classes and people smoke to feel a part of a given social class. Smoking brings a â€Å"feel good† sensation that is associated with less stress. This paper seeks to examine in details the social and health effects of smoking. Smoking is dangerous to almost all body organs and puts a person at a greater health risks. Female smokers have reduced chances of conceiving compared to their non smoking counterparts. In the case of pregnant women, smoking affects the health of their babies, whether before or after birth. Such cases as early deliveries (premature birth), babies dying before they are born, babies weighing less at birth, sudden death syndrome in infants have been reported from smokers. In men, smoking reduces the sperm counts, which may lead to infertility, miscarriage or birth defect risks. Banning smoking can boost fertility and healthy children and parents free from smoke related complications (Anderson, 2004). If the waxy substance forms inside the arteries that take blood to the limbs and organs, a condition known as Peripheral Arterial Disease will arise. This will affect the kidneys and the stomach. It is also a major cause of stroke (Anderson, 2004). There is a chance that many people suffering from pain and numbness in the legs and death of the tissues have Peripheral Heart Disease. If the kidney is affected its role of purifying the blood will not be done well and one can end up with impure blood. Severe kidney problems lead to kidney failure, which will lead to either kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant. Smoking has adverse consequences on immunity as well as inflammation. Women who have reached menopause but smoke are more likely to experience bone breakage due to their

An audit of current provision and critical reflection of the Learning Essay

An audit of current provision and critical reflection of the Learning Environment where intervention groups are currently conduc - Essay Example However, the effectiveness of this initiative has remained an issue of concern to a good number of modern scholars and policy implementers in the United Kingdom (Hayward, 2006, p. 257). Although the term inclusion is not a legal concept, the term is used consistently in primary schools and many middle level schools to educate professionals and community members on the significance of supporting people with disabilities to perform effective in formal and informal education system. In most instances, inclusion programmes differ consistently both in terms of implementation and definition in different schools and societies. Some variables, such as the nature and amount of support and school infrastructures, differ from child to child, school to school and from one country to another. As defined by global scholars, inclusion entails a situation where pupils with disabilities are trained in regular education classroom using the available resources on fulltime bases (Evans, 1989, p.910). Di sabled students therefore become part of the entire education systems, and therefore, they consistently participate in all areas of classroom culture. In inclusion programme, students are expected to effectively participate in various activities such as in library activities, assembly’s activities, lunchtime activities, arts activities, in physical education and in playground activities. Inclusion has its root cause in Civil Rights Movements in United Kingdom and United States of America (DFES, 2005, p. 245). The hypothesis behind the introduction of this policy was that separate training and education among children with disabilities failed to provide an overall solution to the problems that affected disabled people. Therefore, in order to attain equal access to education facilities, children with disabilities ought to be educated in the same training institution and system with children who do not have physical and mental disabilities. Purpose of inclusion for pupils with S END A good number of modern scholars have written different publications with an aim of explaining some of the main benefits of inclusion education among disabled children. However, based on the available facts, inclusion education offers an authentic learning environment among disabled children in primary schools. This benefit is based on the assumption that at one time in their lives; children with disabilities will become part of the general society. Therefore, they ought to interact with other people in order to understand the society’s norms and regulations. In interacting with community members, children who do not have disabilities will encounter people with disabilities, and therefore, effective interaction at the initial development stage will offer an avenue that will train them on some of the most effective means of dealing with physically challenged people. Therefore, in the attempt to foster competence and understanding instead of fear, it is important that child ren be exposed to people of all abilities and disabilities in their initial training. The creation of a learning environment that have microcosm of the society and that include people from all lifestyles including physically challenged people is very essential and critical in enhancing students’ future activities and performances (Kochhar, West & Taymans, 2000, p. 89). In addition, inclusion programme offers an opportunity for students to be exposed to various learning and training methods on a

Globalization And Global Warming

Globalization And Global Warming The Earth Hour launched by World Wildlife Fund since 2007 has entered its fourth year. This activity led the charge at first in Sydney, later the lineup expanded to countries around the world. However, after turning off the lights for one hour, what kind of awakening did people get? The symbolism of participating in this event is that despite the power of a few countries alone, people throughout the world must work together to solve the global warming problem. We live in a globalized world in which we obtain the prosperity and development. In this stunning development, however, the global warming or climate change problem hidden behind has seriously threatened the existence of the human environment. We must rely on the forces of globalization and the global joint efforts of people to tackle such a crisis and to safeguard the benefits of our next generations. Along with economic globalization, industrial production and free trade among countries in the world have developed to a very advanced stage; however, the damage to the environment, as well as the tremendous impact of climate change, makes us have to retake the great crisis of human existence lurking behind of the globalization into account. Nowadays, the atmosphere is gradually warming with the accumulation of the greenhouse gases (GHG), all kinds of climate change phenomenon such as droughts, floods, increasing temperatures and rising sea-levels bring impacts to the entire globe (Hallman, 2002). Chanda (2007) claimed that the connection between carbon-emitting economic growth and increasing trade and industrialization brought by globalization is unmistakable. In his article, he also pointed out that though globalization does not account for deforestation alone, it does become the conduit and accelerator for the forces which reduce the forest area. The news titled Globalization Is F ueling Global warming reported by Les Leopold (2007) also claimed that our world would continue to be chemically poisoned and globally warmed if the accelerating global trade was not limited sensibly. It also censured that the pro-globalization forces disregarded climate change and kept inculcating the advantages of free trade: falling prices, increased efficiency, shaking the country off poverty and achieving global wealth (Leopold, 2007). It is undeniable that commercial trade develops to enhance the peoples living standard, it is easier and more convenient to access to needed goods. However, if we do not take measures to protect the Earth, then, one day, we have no chance to enjoy the wealth because this land which we step on will perish. Climate change is not only closely linked with peoples daily routines, but also affect the production of peoples food, particularly the most common crops, rice and wheat food. If the bad weather causes crop failures, the worlds growing population will very likely suffers from famine. A news (December, 2009) from UN News centre reported that as Asias agriculture has been damaged by the climate change, 10 countries, held an UN-sponsored meeting in December 2009 in Hanoi, Vietnam to discuss how to maintain sustainable farming practices to meet the demand of the current population. According to the news, the World Meteorological Organization (MWO) recommended these countries to enhance indoor and urban agriculture to deal with the need of growing populations in Asian cities. While facing the increasingly severe climate change, this would certainly be a way to meet the needs of the population, but such a proposal is obviously a solution which demands substantial human and material resourc es. Moreover, among these countries, such as Vietnam, Afghanistan, Thailand are developing countries. Depending on their economic abilities may not be able to afford to set indoor and urban agriculture. In this case, if the rich countries can play the spirit of international mutual-assistance, funds will be injected into these developing countries to help them raise the level of agriculture and to save the threat of climate change to agriculture. Furthermore, a fact stated by Chanda (2007) is that the ozone hole has been partially mended by the effort of the Montreal Protocol in combating ozone depletion. This shows that if the states are willing to cooperate and contribute a force, it is possible to save the earth crisis. Nevertheless, the most critical work should be to reverse the phenomenon of climate change. The most important job to avoid the tragedy of the destruction of Earth is reducing GHG emissions to slow global warming rate. David G. Hallman (2007) argued that the global problem should not be equal responsibility of all people and a distinction between the luxury emissions of the rich and the survival emissions of the poor should be made. This is because the industrialized nations covering less than one-fifth of the worlds population were actually the main culprits for most of the GHG emission over the twentieth century. As he mentioned, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change had been adopted in the Rio Earth Summit 1992 and the negotiations had furthered another agreement requiring the industrialized countries to afford more precise aim of emission reduction. Although some campaigns which intended to convince the public and government of the downsides of gases reduction were mounte d in the western countries, dependable studies proved that enhancing energy efficiency brings advantages to ecological and economical aspects (Hallman, 2002). Besides, according to the negotiations, the industrialized nations could assist the developing countries in raising their manufacturing conditions, by increasing the energy-efficiency, to reduce emissions (Hallman, 2002). Therefore, those industrialized countries should make the best of their science and technology achievement to facilitate the emission reductions of other developing countries. Apart from this, when the communication and transportation are developed to promote links between people and increase access to information or goods, a potential consumption of resource and energy is caused. The suffering one is eventually the Earths ecological environment. An example taken from New York Times is China, which obtains an enormous economic growth, consequently consumes a large amount of fuel and power (Leopold, 2007). An ironic fact pointed out by Leopold (2007) is that while we import the high-efficiency light bulbs to save energy, the transportation results in the gain of carbon. Leopold hence proposed the next wave of green products to be made near to the product-using place; this not only creates homemade and green jobs, but also reduces global warming. It is worth noting while we think of using high-tech products to protect the environment, the transport strategy, manufacturing sites and other objective factors, to a certain extent, influence the green-environment al programs. Hence, we can deduce that not merely the national attitudes to environmental issues and their policy implementation are critical in dealing the global warming issue, but the consciousness of the entrepreneurs, business groups and individuals is also significant. Besides governments have leading powers on this issue of globalization while playing a role in international decision-making, the business groups and individuals also have to respond positively to the governmental policies on this global subject which has close relationship with the general public. Although many non-governmental organizations serve and contribute in this area, no power is more significant than those of the governments to fight against the problems (Chanda, 2007). Dahl (1998) also claimed that there is problem of values implanted in the institutional structures and the problem is aggravated by phenomena of rapid economic globalization, while the counterbalancing political structures have not kept pace and are losing their power over a globalizing world. Like he mentioned, the idea is that the social and environmental problems are the responsibilities of the government while businesses only account for businesses. This is incorrect because the Earth belongs to everyone . To protect it is not just of the countries and the government but the common task of all people. Actually, there is also an issue of global justice. Joseph E. Stiglitz (2006) indicated that the United States as the worlds biggest polluter had refused to sign the Kyoto agreement while the other developing countries had no commitments of reducing environmental pollution. He refuted some U.S. politicians opinion about reduction of emissions compromises the quality of American life, but also pointed out the inadequate point in the Kyoto Protocol, which is in line with national emission reductions relative to each nations level in 1990 (Stiglitz, 2006). There was conflict between the U.S and the developing countries. The U.S. refused to sign the protocol if the developing countries did not reduce emissions, while the developing countries consider unreasonable to allow them to pollute as much per capita as the U.S. (Stiglitz, 2006). Stiglitz (2006) hence put forward a proposal suggesting a global environmental tax on emissions, which requires the reduction level to equal the Kyoto tar get. This is an approach of everyone pays the social cost of their emissions. Actually, it is fair for those people who caused more damage to the Earth should contribute more forces in this case. They gain more benefits than others from business and industry, thus they should take greater responsibility to the environment. On the other hand, educating the public about the awareness to protect the earth and slow down the speed of climate change also becomes an important issue. We often say that a trend of the globalization is in the message transmission has reached the same speed of light for all around the world to receive messages. Therefore, we should use this advantage of globalization. In this era of information explosion, it is an easy task for a concept to spread around the world, so, the power of media to be should be made full use to spread the knowledge of protecting the earth and awake all people to show concern to the threat of global warming. In conclusion, under globalization, developed transport and communications are great achievements that they promote the trade prosperity and the exchange of the world, so there is large population mobility resulting in shrinking space and time. However, the climate change and global environmental issues have been serious threats to human survival. Climate change not only has implication on peoples daily life, but also affects one of the most basic needs of human life, the food production. Therefore, countries should help each other ride out the storm together. Many developing countries need the help of developed countries to achieve rapid economic development, so that they have enough technology to reduce emissions and help slow global warming problem. Developed countries with enormous wealth have become the biggest emissions culprits, so they should pay more efforts than the other developing countries to reduce emissions. In addition, global warming is not just the responsibility of the government, but all walks of life, all individuals should be concerned about it. Transport and communications should be developed as the benefits of globalization and provide a good channel to awaken people to care for the Earth. .

Frivolous lawsuits Essay example -- Legal Issues

Do you remember the lawsuit about the woman who ordered the McDonald’s coffee and spilled it in her lap and sued McDonald’s because it did not have a warning label on it? What about the woman who fell in the fountain at the mall while texting and wants to sue the mall? These lawsuits may seem fairly farfetched. They fall into the category called frivolous. Black’s Law Dictionary defines frivolous as lacking a legal basis or legal merit; not serious; not reasonably purposeful (Garner, 2006). When people pursue such lawsuits as these it costs money. â€Å"The civil justice system is plagued by high ‘transaction costs,’ meaning that it is both expensive and time consuming to use the courts to resolve disputes† (Ruschmann, 2006, p. 60). Frivolous lawsuits should not be taken seriously. People should not be awarded money for things that they caused themselves, and they should not cost courts and consumer’s time and/or money. There are many steps to go through once you decide to file a lawsuit. Many Americans suffer from injuries but only a small percentage of them file a lawsuit because many of them have valid claims but they have little money. Sometimes when plaintiffs, the person filing the lawsuit, go to trial there is a lot of money that has to be spent up-front. â€Å"Taking a large case on a contingency fee and advancing all the out-of-pocket cost is a very expensive proposition† (Bourhis, 2005, p. 76). Lawyers have created the contingent-fee arrangement. This is where â€Å"a lawyer agrees to take a case without any money up front and without requiring the client to pay an hourly or flat fee. In return, the lawyer is entitled to receive a percentage of the actual amount of money collected, generally 33 percent, but sometimes 40 percent if ... ...ceived potential for a large payout. Three percent of product liability trials involved toxic substances, including tobacco. Three tobacco product liability trials were disposed of a national sample in 2005. All three of these trials were decided by juries that ruled in favor of the defendants. Toxic substances were linked as 346 of the 354 product liability trials (Cohen, 2009). Tort reformers believe that courts must reduce the ability of defendants’ liability in order to avoid economic decline. In the years to come, the proposals likely to generate the biggest dispute include malpractice and class-action reform, limits on noneconomic and punitive damages, and a legislative solution to asbestos legation (Rushmann, 2006). There are many lawsuits. But the frivolous lawsuits should not be taken seriously and not cost our courts and citizens time and/or money.

Device Invented: Teleportation

â€Å"Kids, back in my days, we didn’t have those fancy teleportation devices; getting to places was a transportation problem. I remember very well those times. Cars now had a modern system of using infrared radiation as energy fuel, therefore many began to buy automobiles since the pollution problem was disappearing. Still, the traffic jams were constant and a solution was being researched. This way, public transportation became the axis of travel of the modern man. Nevertheless, as living and health conditions improved, there were still too many humans in the planet that needed to get from one place to another. We never believed at those times that change was very close. Twelve of November of 2026, a date I will never forget. I was working in my office when I began to hear a crowd of people cheering outside. Apparently scientists had been able to safely teleport an apple from one location to another. The news scattered quickly as a public demonstration was going to take place. I remember I sat down with my fellow workers around the screen and just in front of our eyes we saw how they teleported a dog from a chamber to another one located just a few feet away. The device worked and many anticipated that this method was the end to not only traffic jams but also the future way of public transport, economy, and more. Finally four years later, and just two months before I met your grandmother, authorities explained that teleportation had been tested enough to become safe and people could now use this marvelous invention. That day, I walked from my apartment and went straight to the nearest â€Å"booth† which was the folkloric name people had given it. The â€Å"booth† was two meters high, and wide enough for three people to come in. The machine had a small antennae that beeped loudly. When I first walked in, I could not help but notice the warm interior made of white polystyrene and all the wiring around it. Finally I stepped in, a door automatically closed and I just had to whisper for my destiny and bam, in a matter of a blink, I was standing in the other side of town. The device soon became the first method of transportation making anything quicker and cheeper. The device was soon used not only in transport persons, but soon companies shipped their products this way, and you could say it very much improved every aspect of life. And as you now know boys, the â€Å"booth† was soon modified so that it not only covered a small area but it can now transport 50 persons at the same time. So children, you better get ready for school, its late and you need to teleport in 5 min or you will not get to class in time. †

Fentanyl Transdermal Patch and Fatal Adverse Reactions Essays

Fentanyl Transdermal Patch and Fatal Adverse Reactions Essays Fentanyl Transdermal Patch and Fatal Adverse Reactions Paper Fentanyl Transdermal Patch and Fatal Adverse Reactions Paper The fentanyl transdermal system is used to manage pain. Unlike other pain killers this system manages moderate to severe chronic pain, which other means like opiod combination cannot manage. Safety concerns This system’s safety is only guaranteed if used according to the conditions recommended in the Canadian product monograph. Duragesic is the brand name under which the fentanyl transdermal system has been marked since the year 1992. Two generic products were introduced in July 2006. They are Ran Fentanyl and Ratio-Fentanyl transdermal systems. There have been numerous reports of serious adverse reactions which Health Canada suspects that they are linked to fentanyl transdermal patches. Health Canada is closely monitoring this situation. Fatal outcomes involved opioid-naive adolescents who are suspected to have abused the medication. AR with a fatal outcome linked to fentanyl trandermal patches There were fifty-two AR reports with a fatal outcome being linked to fentanyl transdermal patches. These were submitted to Health Canada from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 2007. : A total of six cases of AR were due to dose initiation and titration. Prescriptions to oploid-naive patients were three, quick titration doses two and one high initiation dose. There was also one case of use concomitant with other central nervous system depressants. The death occurred within twenty-four hours after initiation. CNS depression due to combination of the medication with other CNS depressants was reported as the cause of death. A death was also reported due to interaction between CY3A4 inhibitor and fentanyl transdermal. It occurred less than four days after being initiated during fentanyl transdermal therapy. Six patients died due to patch application by the patients. Four of the patients applied more than the prescribed medication while one patient applied a new patch with the old patches on. Another patient changed the patch daily instead of every three days. There were three fatalities due to caregiver application of the patch. One case was due to the caregiver attempting to reduce dosage by folding the patch in half. Another case was due to the caregiver administering new patch while the old one was on. Still one more case was due to the caregiver pressing on it because it did not stick, thereby leaking fentanyl transdermal and overdosing the patient. One fatality occurred due to a patient using a patch prescribed for another patient. The sixty-four year old man applied the patch prescribed for his wife. The patient became unresponsive, vomited and aspirated. He died five days later due to pneumonia and renal failure. Five fatalities occurred due to accidental overdose. One patient was elderly and underweight. Another died of cardiac arrhythmia as a result of overdose fentanyl and antidepressants. Another had toxic levels of fentanyl after the second dose. The other two cases had limited information and could not be immediately established. Intentional overdose with suicide missions was evident in four of the cases while those of intentional drug abuse of the fentanyl patches were a massive twenty-five (MacMorran, 2008). Health promotion initiatives Health care professionals should therefore follow the directions available in the fentanyl transdermia patches product monographs. It is essential for patients, caregivers and their respective families to be guided on using the product safely. This includes safe storage of the drugs, preventing their accessibility for abuse and to prevent any accidental overdose. Rectification steps Following death reports linked to inappropriate use of the medication, the Canadian product monograph had to be revised in 2005. This was in order to emphasize this safety information. Subsequent advisories followed again in September 2005. A number of publications have followed suit in highlighting safety issues related to the medication use. Health Canada received 105 reports from Jan 1, 1992 to December 31, 2007. According to these reports, the ARs are suspected of being closely associated with fentanyl transdermal patches and one fatal case was reported. Twenty-seven of these reports were received after the last risk communication by Health Canada. The data were analyzed as part of monitoring AR reports. This was to identify any potentially preventable incidents and increase awareness on the product’s safety. In some cases there was no evidence to link the deaths to fentanyl transdermal. This was the case in thirty-three out of the 105 of these reports. In twenty such cases, there was insufficient information in the report for any meaningful evaluation (Raymond et al, 2004). Personal interest held by the advisory The drug advisory has challenged me personally to come up with alternative drugs that can serve the same purpose but are less risky. Proper administration and usage of drugs has also been emphasized. I have been encouraged to handle any drugs carefully. It has brought a very clear realization that people’s lives are at stake and we have to be very careful. Impact of the advisory on a practicing nurse in 2008 The advisory has had a significant impact on the practicing nurse. They have to be very careful not to administer the Fentanyl patch to any more patients unless under prescription and strict following of instructions. This has led to seeking alternative drugs. The altenative drugs have their own short-comings which the patients may not be used to or even aware of. In cases where usage of Fentanyl cannot be abandoned, very strict measures have had to be taken to avoid misuse, overdose and abuse. This has added some extra responsibilities to the nurses. References Canadian Safety Bull. (2006). Fentanyl transdermia: a misunderstood dosage form. 6 (5). Canada Safety Bull (2007). Fentanyl patch linked to another death in Canada. Duragenic (2007). Fentanyl transdermal System: product monograph. Janssen-Ortho Inc: Toronto. MacMorran, M. (2008). Fentanyl transdermia patch and fatal adverse reactions. Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter. Raymond, B. et al (2004). Respiratory arrest in adolescents. Duragenic. Canadian Adverse Reaction News. 14 (4): 1-2

Management

Management Executive Summary Almost every year, it seems, some major corporation is enveloped in an ethics scandal that generates a new tremor of public distrust. As a consequence of these endless scandals, the ethics phenomenon has become a buzz word in boardrooms and so is global outsourcing and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Global outsourcing has seen companies lowering the production costs, as well as offer employment for many languishing in unemployment, particularly in the developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management-Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report finds that CSR is even more relevant in companies engaged in global outsourcing than those having in-house operations. As such, it makes a number of recommendations to contemporary companies who wish to engage in global outsourcing activities. To begin with, the fact that a company is operating away from ‘home’ does not imply that it should engage in unethical behaviors. It should indulge in those activities that bring good to itself, and the community in which is operating. By so doing, companies will be able to maintain brand value and reputation. It will also win the confidence of the community; which may come at their rescue in times of a crisis. Introduction On December 3, 1084, the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, experienced a major crisis resulting in the leak of 45 tons of methylisocyanate, a toxic chemical used in the production of insecticides. Thousands of people died from the disaster with many others suffering long-term physical damage, including blindness, respiratory problems, birth defects, and neurological problems (Vilcox Mohan, 2007). Union Carbide’s response was to deny social responsibility for the accident. The company did make emergency relief payments, and later settled all civil liability for the accident amounting to hundreds of millions of US dollar s. Claiming it had met its legal obligations, Union Carbide began to extricate itself from India. Responsibility for the plant site and victims was eventually turned over to the Indian government. The company funded a relief trust and built a clinic to help treat victims, but the legacy of long-term disability, contaminated water, and lingering effects has remained unresolved (Sims, 2003). The Union Carbide Bhopal accident, as well as a number of other dramatic and mundane examples, illustrates the debate over corporate ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Companies such as Wal-Mart, Exxon Mobil, Microsoft, and many others have been accused of hiding behind legal requirements and avoiding larger social responsibilities. Corporate ethics and corporate social responsibility have emerged as salient topics for debate in the contemporary business milieu (May, Cheney, Roper, 2007).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporate ethics Almost every year, it seems, some major corporation is enveloped in an ethics scandal that generates a new tremor of public distrust. As a consequence of these endless scandals, the ethics phenomenon is often a major part of the news. Ethics is a philosophical term that comes from the Greek word, ‘ethos’, meaning personality or norm (Griseri Seppala, 2010). This definition is relevant to efficient leadership in business organizations in that, it refers to an organization code of exhibiting moral uprightness and unswerving values in service to the public (Trevino Nelson, 2010). Sims (2003) posits that in order to understand corporate ethics, it is useful to comment on the relationship between ethics and morality. Ideally, ethics can be perceived as a combination of moral doctrines or standards. On the other hand, morality is a system or doctrine of moral conduct. Corporate ethics, therefore, is concerned with right and wrong behavior and practices within a business context. There are two types of corporate of business ethics: normative business ethics and descriptive business ethics (Griseri Seppala, 2010). Swartz (2011) states that normative business ethics seek to propose some principle or principles for distinguishing ethical and unethical in the business context. This type of ethics lays emphasis on developing norms or principles by which business might be controlled or evaluated. On the other hand, descriptive business ethics focuses on grasping what is taking place; the realm of behavior, actions, decisions and polices. This type of ethics deals with what is the prevailing set of standards in the business community (Keinert, 2008). Benefits of corporate ethics The benefits of corporate ethics cannot be overlooked in the contemporary business environment. For today’s business leaders and mangers, leading and administrating ethically also entails managing with honesty. Keinert (2008) holds that honesty runs throughout an organization. It models, influences and maintains the values, tone, climate, or culture of the organization; communication among all its members; and commitment, imagination, and realism of everyone in the organization (Trevino Nelson, 2010). Ethics initiatives hold up employee growth and significance (Swartz, 2011). Focus on ethics in the business aids employees face reality in the organization. They help them feel confidence in dealing with whatever comes their way. Ethical climates and organizational ethics help ensure that policies are legal (May, Cheney, Roper, 2007). Emphasis on ethics ensures exceedingly ethical policies and measures in the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management-Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, corporate ethics emphases facilitate avoidance of criminal indulgences; hence, lowering fines. E thics programs recognize ideal standards and make certain that organizational behaviors are aligned with those standards (Griseri Seppala, 2010) Corporate social responsibility (CSR) The previous segment of this report laid emphasis on the organization need to be ethical. As discussed in the segment, organizations should strive to create strong ethical cultures that support employee ethics. Keinert (2008) argues that managers should lead their employees in an ethical direction. Individual and organizational ethical decision-making and behavior requires taking into consideration harms and benefits to those outside the organization. The organization’s relationship with its external stakeholders, usually referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR) is very important (Swartz, 2011). Reasons for engaging in CSR Vilcox Mohan (2007) state that in today’s highly interconnected, global, and transparent world, corporations are finding that social responsibility is esse ntial to fundamental business strategy. Corporations are also finding that it is difficult to separate internal organizational ethics (discussed in the previous segment), from external social responsibility. There are three major reasons as to why companies care about social responsibility. These are pragmatic, ethical, and strategic reasons (Keinert, 2008). Under the pragmatic approach to corporate social responsibility, a firm’s management scans the environment and is on alert to act in ways that avoid economic harm, maintain legitimacy, and ensure a good corporate reputation (Griseri Seppala, 2010). This approach is mainly reactive and acts on stakeholder’s concerns only after they are voiced. A more proactive, ethical reason for corporate social responsibility argues that businesses, as part of society, have a responsibility to behave ethically. Social responsibility is as integral to the business as is economic performance (Urip, 2010). A third reason to be socia lly responsible is a strategic one. This approach is grounded on the basis that business needs a healthy society because only a health society can produce a productive workforce, and the rules of the road that make business transactions possible (May, Cheney, Roper, 2007).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A healthy society also needs business to innovate, crate jobs, goods, and series, and pay the taxes that support societal activities. Therefore, the best CSR initiatives will be simultaneously good for business and for the society (Swartz, 2011). The strategic approach to corporate social responsibility offers mangers a stronger basis for making decisions about which stakeholders and social responsibility issues should garner their attention and resources given the multitude of options available (Keinert, 2008). Benefits of CSR Just like corporate ethics, corporate social responsibility has various benefits to the stakeholders. Although it may prove costly issue in the short run, the long term benefits of CSR can be overlooked (Urip, 2010). To the government, CSR has the following benefits. To begin with, it leads to development and acceleration of microeconomic sustainable growth through the use of good governance and best practices. To the local community and society, CSR changes the habits of society and improves quality of life (Swartz, 2011). Through capacity building, CSR creates employment and wealth. On the side of the corporations, CSR provides growth, profit, image, and competitive edge. It leads to community acceptance and goodwill (Keinert, 2008). In addition, CSR is a source of pride and inspiration to employees, and their families, alongside providing genuine dialogue with stakeholders. To the world and the environment, CSR results to waste management because of concern to the environment, which leads to balanced ecosystems, and green and clean environment (Sims, 2003). Global outsourcing With the advent of globalization and improved levels of competition, many firms have started to have considerable difficulties in developing and maintaining the variety of know-how and skill needed to compete effectively (Contractor, Kumar, Kundu, 2010). The mergence of American, European, Japanese, and Third World multi-nations has created a new competitive en vironment, requiring the globalization, or at least semi-globalization of corporate strategy. This need has led many companies to engage with various kinds of sourcing strategies such as outsourcing, offshore outsourcing, near shoring, and on shoring (Barrar Gervais, 2006). Oshri, Kotlarsky, Willocks (2009) posit that sourcing is the process in which work is delegated or contracted to another party which may not be necessarily located near the organization. Outsourcing is defined as contracting with a third service provider for the management and completion of work in a given period, cost, and level of service (Vahistha Vashistha, 2006). Offshoring refers to the relocation of organizational activities such as finance and accounting, back office and human resources, to a wholly owned subsidiary or an independent service provider in another country (Burkholder, 2009). The growth of global outsourcing has been attributed to many factors. To begin with, technological advances in the telecommunications industry and the Internet have shrunk space and time and have enabled the coordination of organizational activities at the global level (Oshri, Kotlarsky, Willocks, 2009). Other reasons include the supply of skilled, yet low-cost, labor in countries such as India; the investments in infrastructure; the improved business, economic, and political climate in a number of developing countries. Other reasons why companies engage in global outsourcing include the standardization of Information Technology processes and communication protocols that contribute to the efficiency of inter-organizational activities (Oshri, Kotlarsky, Willocks, 2009). The nature of outsourcing is diverse. Some firms now outsource core activities so extensively that they no longer engage in production, as traditionally understood. Inbound and outbound logistics are being extremely outsourced also. Other firms are extensively outsourcing secondary value-chain activities such as information tech nology, accounting systems, distribution, aspects of human resources management and research and design (Burkholder, 2009). Despite its increasing importance, many firms do not understand the payback and costs of outsourcing. At the same time, the outsourcing firm is unavoidably bestowing at least part of its fortune to firms that are seeking to maximize their profits (Contractor, Kumar, Kundu, 2010). Oshri, Kotlarsky, Willocks (2009) argue that while outsourcing is often referred to as an alliance, the contracting parties inevitably have conflicted interests. The strategic objective of outsourcing decision-makers should seek to maximize the net benefits of outsourcing relative to the in-house provision of value-chain activities. In practice, this can often be simplified to minimizing the total costs of outsourced good or activity. However, costs must be viewed comprehensively (Contractor, Kumar, Kundu, 2010). Costs consist of expenditures for the good itself and the costs associ ated with governing the outsourcing transaction. This raises a number of fundamental questions relating to governance costs such as how the firm can assess the possible governance expenses that crop up form outsourcing, and under what circumstances can these governance costs be reduced (Vahistha Vashistha, 2006). Burkholder (2009), states that investors expect outsourcing to create value for shareholders. The purpose of outsourcing is to lower the purchase price of some input by taking advantage of external supplier’s lower costs, or improve the quality of some input by purchasing some superior capability from an external supplier. In either case, the supplier’s advantage will be one that is not easily imitable. If the firm could easily imitate the cost or capability advantage outside suppliers, it could produce the activity in-house (Vahistha Vashistha, 2006). The acquisition of superior capabilities can also be thought of in cost-saving terms-superior capabilities could only be produced at the same quality within the firm at higher cost. However, it is usual in the business strategy literature to analyze each activity on the value chain in terms of the firm’s ability to lower cost or improve quality, or more broadly, to in some way differentiate their production process (Oshri, Kotlarsky, Willocks, 2009). Holliday, Schmidheiny, Watts (2002) argues that the costs of outsourcing must be compared to the costs of internal production of the activity. Many inputs are inevitable outsourced; therefore, outsourcing is really only a further step on the continuum from purchasing and procurement. There are a number of production cost rationales for outsourcing. The most basic is that internal production of the activity entails production at levels that are too low to be efficient, that is, to achieve minimum efficient scale (Vahistha Vashistha, 2006). The most significant economies of scale may relate to secondary scale-value activities such as administrative and information systems, knowledge and learning, access to capital markets and marketing. Similarly, economies of scope are becoming a rationale for outsourcing. With the advent of flexible manufacturing, the potential for economies of scale has increased dramatically (Contractor, Kumar, Kundu, 2010). Firms that can utilize the same production equipment for a range of products have a significantly cost advantage compared to smaller firms. Disadvantages of global outsourcing However, there exist several disadvantages to adopting outsourcing strategies. Loss of critical skills or overdependence on an outside organization for carrying out important business functions may evolve into significant threats to a company’s well-being (Oshri, Kotlarsky, Willocks, 2009). Furthermore, security and confidentiality of data can be of great concern to many companies (Contractor, Kumar, Kundu, 2010). On these grounds, it is critical that a company manages its sourcing strat egy in a way that is not nurturing a future competitor. With regard to outsourcing arrangements, it is important to note that there some risks that are specifically linked to these (Burkholder, 2009). For instance, outsourcing is usually followed by changes in the organization structure. Redundancies and layoffs are commonplace in outsourcing structure (Oshri, Kotlarsky, Willocks, 2009). CSR and Global outsourcing As mentioned earlier, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a priority item on the agenda of every business organization. As global outsourcing continues to be a buzz word in the business milieu, the stakeholders of this new wave have begun to embrace corporate social responsibility in their undertakings (Keinert, 2008). In addition to customer requirements, outsourcers are reacting to societal needs, governments regulations and employee expectations. What, then, is the place of corporate social; responsibility in global outsourcing? The next segment of this report han dles this question. Oshri, Kotlarsky, Willock (2009) posit that With many large companies centralizing and downsizing, their managers do not know what their subcontractors are doing. As such, although global outsourcing may be an appropriate decision by a firm, the decision to outsource should factor in more than the company’s needs, but also those of the communities it will operate with (May, Cheney, Roper, 2007). It is possible for an overseas to outsource to a firm in a developing nation. It is commonplace that the rules of business operation are not as demanding as in developed nations. As such, such companies may engage in unethical behaviors that may be a risk to the society the company is operating in. Just as, the company is eager to adhere to the rules of the game in their in-house company, the same principle should be applied even in the out-house operations. Unethical behavior will taint the reputation of the company regardless of the area of operation. As such, it is increasingly becoming imperative for companies engaged in global outsourcing to embrace corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Vilcox Mohan, 2007). Similar to the case of normal in-house operations, outsourcing is beneficial to the stakeholders in different ways. Although the benefits of corporate social responsibility were discussed in the segment of this report about corporate ethics and corporate social responsibility, it would not be redundancy to explore further some benefits that the concept can bring to firms, especially those engaging in global outsourcing (Griseri Seppala, 2010). Companies with good community relations can help raise awareness of unforeseen issues or problems, avoid unnecessary conflicts and hostility, and generate a better working atmosphere for staff from outside the area (Urip, 2010). Benefits of CSR in global outsourcing Companies engaged in global outsourcing can reap three benefits from CSR. These include brand value and reputation, improvemen ts in human capital, and revenue generation, particularly in large and yet undeveloped markets (Barrar Gervais, 2006). Companies that flaunt or ignore human rights run a real, demonstrable risk of seeing their share price drop as a direct result. Whereas community initiatives have a weak, yet positive, impact on shareholder value, bad community management can destroy reputation and seriously endanger financial performance (Holliday, Schmidheiny, Watts, 2002). A commitment to social responsibility can build the competence and vitality of a company and guide it along a course of knowledge and innovation-based success. Positive links between social and financial performance are emerging, particularly in light of the growing relevance of intangible assets, such as reputation, brands and knowledge networks (Holliday, Schmidheiny, Watts, 2002). Recommendations The case of great giants in the business milieu falling due to a mishap in their CSR or global outsourcing is a lesson for cont emporary managers. As such, there are a number of recommendations that modern leaders in the business milieu can take home from the discussions presented in this report on corporate ethics, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and global outsourcing. These are: They should not overlook the payback of corporate ethics. For today’s business leaders and managers, leading and administrating ethically entails managing with honesty. Honesty runs throughout an organization. It models, influences and maintains the values, tone, climate, or culture of the organization; communication among all its members; and commitment, imagination, and realism of everyone in the organization.. Business leaders should be vigilant to embrace CSR as it leads to development and acceleration of microeconomic sustainable growth through use of good governance and best practices. This results to a market atmosphere favorable for both local and foreign investors. To the local community and society, CSR ch anges the habits of society and improves quality of life. Through capacity building, CSR creates employment and wealth. On the side of the corporations, CSR provides growth, profit, image, and competitive edge. Concerning global outsourcing and CSR, companies should first be aware of the costs in the outsourcing process. Global outsourcing should be aimed at reducing costs, and achieving high quality product at the minimal costs. Companies engaging in global outsourcing should embrace even be more vigilant to embrace CSR as they involve out-house operations CSR is important in global outsourcing as it leads to brand value and reputation, improvements in human capital, and revenue generation. Conclusion In conclusion, as the world of business embraces for the dynamic nature of this milieu especially in the 21st century, there is a need for firms to not only consider the legal requirement in their operations, but also put the wider society into perspective. This is true in spite of w hether a company is engaged in outsourcing or not. In fact, companies engaged in global outsourcing should be more enthusiastic in CSR as they are operating in communities away from their normal station. As such, they can easily engage in unethical conducts, and yet go unpunished. Reference List Barrar, P., Gervais, R., 2006. Global outsourcing strategies: an international reference on effective outsourcing. London: Gower Publishing Ltd. Burkholder, N., 2009. Outsourcing: the definitive view, applications and implications. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Contractor, F., Kumar, V., Kundu, S., 2010. Global outsourcing and offshoring: an integrated approach to theory and corporate strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Griseri, P., Seppala, N.,2010. Business ethics. New York: Cengage Learning. Holliday, C., Schmidheiny, S., Watts, P., 2002. Walking the talk: the business case for sustainable development. New York: Berrett-Koehler. Keinert, C., 2008. Corporate social responsib ility as an international strategy. Berlin: Springer. May, S., Cheney, G., Roper, J., 2007. The debate over corporate social responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J., Willocks, L., 2009. The handbook of global outsourcing and offshoring. London: Palgrave Macmilllan. Sims, R., 2003. Ethics and corporate social responsibility: why giants fall. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Swartz, M., 2011. Corporate social responsibility: an ethical approach. London: Broadview Press. Trevino, L., Nelson, K., 2010. Managing business ethics. London: John Wiley and Sons. Urip, S., 2010. CSR strategies: Corporate social responsibility for a competitive edge in emerging markets. London: John Wiley and Sons. Vahistha, A., Vashistha, A., 2006. The offshore nations: strategies for success in global outsourcing and offshoring. London: McGraw-Hill Professional. Vilcox, M., Mohan, T., 2007. Contemporary issues in business ethics. New York: Nova Publishers.

REGULATION, COMPLIANCE AND GOVERNANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

REGULATION, COMPLIANCE AND GOVERNANCE - Essay Example When the derivatives were distributed, it created an opportunity of basic training and helped in exploiting the difference in prices in future and spot markets. The gas trading of Enron had allowed it to be a market maker and acted as counterparty by trading on both sides and made profits as spreads between the offer and the bid price. Enron was under residual risk after it accessed both the markets and was able to overcome the same by entering into swaps and other such arrangements with dealers. As Enron owned physical plants and took charge of operating those, it had a comparative advantage over the competitors. The company was also able to protect itself from the market price movements for the same reason. Being an industry insider, it also had advantages of acquiring information needed for forecasting shocks related to particular region or sector. Therefore, besides being a market maker, Enron was also a creator of new products. The business strategy used by Enron, in 1990s, was asset light and vertical integration, after it became too leveraged due to the merger. The asset light approach indicates combination of the development of sophisticated risk management techniques with the least amount of ownership and operation of plants. Virtual integration system helps to maintain the reliability of a product with less capital investment. Enron took advantages of deregulation of the US energy markets, as later on, it can be noticed that they enjoyed the experience of steadily rising profit from merger of two utility based companies. Additionally, besides owning several gas pipelines, it also ran a natural gas as well as electricity transmission business. After 1985, Enron even started trading in gas and offered various types of derivates to interested customers, when the gas pipelines business met an end. When the derivatives

Health Care Incident Reported in the News Essay

Health Care Incident Reported in the News - Essay Example Courtois is a diabetic patient who was treated in Redding Hospital in 2010 did not consent to the decision of the hospital’s chief executive and medical officer in disclosing her treatment information. This followed allegations that the hospital was involved in overbilling Medicare. The officials of the hospital also failed to report the violations of the patient’s privacy as postulated by the HIPAA. Courtois daughter said that â€Å"we are appalled by the number of people they shared the information with" (Terhune, 2012). Among the journalists into whom the patient information was disclosed were those from the Times. It is reported within the news article that Prime Healthcare Inc. is to face up to $ 250 000 fines for these violations (Terhune, 2012). This essay is based on this story and aims at examining and evaluating how governance, organizational structure, culture and lack of social responsibility led to the violation of the patient’s privacy by the hospi tal. The essay also presents recommendations on resources and changes that would help to preventing future violations of patient privacy in relation to the ethics of patient care. The health care situation that is described within the Los Angeles Times is a case where the rights of patients for confidentiality and privacy of treatment information are violated by a health care system. ... It is in this regard that it is apparent that the hospital is obliged to take responsibility for its legal and ethical misconduct. Nonetheless it is important to note that the violation of HIPAA provisions for patient privacy is legally wrong regardless of the number of people with who patient information is disclosed (Moore, et al, 2009). Darlene Courtois’ case however received the attention of the media and the legal system because many health care providers and journalists got access to the patient’s treatment records without consent. The organizational structure at the Redding Hospital’s hospital is topped by the chief executive. This official is followed by the medical officer. Below these officials are the medical health records officers and other workers. The fact that private patient information was disclosed to the journalists by the chief executive and medical officer reflects that they had direct influence on the medical health officers from whom this information was obtained. This reveals an organizational culture where the top executives exercise roles beyond their lines of duty. Moreover, the health records officers were coerced to provide the patient information to the senior executives. This demonstrates that the health records officers failed to adhere to the ethical and legal requirements for confidentiality and privacy of all patient data. This case also reveals an organizational culture where workers fail to take legal responsibility by reporting medical misconduct in relation to patient data. This is revealed that the health care workers who were emailed the patient data failed to report the violation HIPAA provisions. This case came into light of the legal system because it was featured in

The world has become increasingly more militarized Essay

The world has become increasingly more militarized - Essay Example 32). The ever rising military expenditures on the war against terrorism groups such as Al-Qaeda and Hezbollah has led to many stakeholders such as scholars, economists, diplomats, human rights groups and international organisations to question the rationale, causes, implications and consequences of these expenditures on the world (Ricolfi, 2005, P. 129). Although increased military expenditures on rebel and terror groups has been evident since historical times, the emergence of the current trends of rising military expenditures in anti-terrorism crusades could be traced to the 9/11/2001 terror attacks on the United Stated of America’s Twin Towers. It is after these Al-Qaeda masterminded attacks on the United States that the idea of ‘Global War on Terror (GWOT) became prominent (Wright, 2006, P. 159). Since these and later attacks on U.S interests elsewhere in the world, military expenditures on the war against terrorism have been exponentially increasing (Lustick, 2006, P. 217). The GWOT initiative has been particularly influential in shaping military spending trends, with a reported annual increase of 5% between 2001 and 2006 (Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, 2008, P. 271). In fact, in the six years preceding the Al-Qaeda masterminded attacks in New York, an annual increase of 0.4% on military spending had been reported with the United States has being identified to account for nearly half the military expenditures against terrorism in the entire world (Sturr, 2006, P. 97). For instance, for the United States along, there was a reported 53% increase in terrorism-related military expenditures in the five years preceding the 9/11 attacks by Al-Qaeda (Ranstorp, 2009, P. 119). In fact, according to the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, the US Congressional Budget Office (CBO) approximates that based on the size of troops deployed in operational areas, the total cost of GWOT is likely to reach between $1.2 trillion and $1.17 trilli on by 2017 (Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, 2008, P. 89).This paper thus explores the assertion that the increased military spending on the war against terro

Abnormal Psychology Background and Perspective Essay Example for Free

Abnormal Psychology Background and Perspective Essay A lot of the human behavior and mental process could be explained by psychology. This course allowed me to view abnormal psychology in a bit of a different light. I was able to apply the information learned while relating it psychopathology. Taking this course has further improved my understanding of mental disorders/illnesses. I have also learned different treatment and many perspectives relating to abnormal psychology. This class has allowed me to think critically about mental disorders in addition to learning about scientific inquiry. Abnormal psychology is the behavior or thought that cause social, cognitive, and emotional problems for an individual. Abnormal thought or behaviors that disrupt an individual’s functioning are due to a psychological disorder. It is important to be able to understand characteristics of abnormal behavior in order to distinguish a person with a psychological disorder. These characteristics deviate from what society deems to be normal. Some classifications of abnormal behaviors are social deviance, personal distress, unusualness, danger to one’s self or to others and maladaptive behavior. All these traits need attention and diagnosis. A person with abnormal behavior can have a lifestyle full of discomfort, conflict and unhappiness. This does not only have an effect on the individual but can also affect others. A behavior that is normal in one region could be abnormal in another. Different cultures may consider a behavior in another culture abnormal and vice versa. Each culture also has a different treatment and approach towards mental disorders. There are different types of normality levels for an individual’s behavior. In this class the focus was on the approach that the western culture has towards mental disorders. Abnormal psychology could be explained by a number of different perspectives such as biological, psychological or sociocultural. An approach towards mental disorder is diathesis-stress paradigm. This â€Å"paradigm is an integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors† (p.62). For example a person that genetically prone; stress from the environment could trigger a mental disorder. If there isn’t any environmental stress, than the mental disorder may never be triggered. This paradigm does a good job in explaining how these factors can contribute to mental disorders. Most psychologists believe that cognitive behavior therapy is the most effective and efficient treatment for mental disorders. â€Å"Cognitive behavior therapy incorporates theory and research on cognitive processes such as thoughts, perceptions, judgments, self statements, and tacit assumptions† (p.51). This therapy treats the disorder by applying behavioral principles of learning. This gives the individual to reconstruct his/her thoughts in a positive manner. Usually a disorder leaves a pers on hopeless, but this treatment helps the individual to have control over their thoughts or feelings. Not only did I learn how to think critically, I also learned about different types of research method. Mental disorders is disturbs a person’s thoughts and which could lead to an emotional experience. Life can be difficult for a person with a mental disorder. They often have difficulty maintaining a relationship or keeping a job. The absence of treatment could make life unbearable for a person suffering a mental disorder. This class has helped me understand the different types of mental disorder and how to diagnose and treat them.

Relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs

Relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs Introduction The topic of leadership has continued to be a subject of interest in the modern world both from practitioners as well as academics and the extensive research for decades has not exhausted the topic (Bennis W. , 2007). Leadership has an influence on all the facets of business. Organizations are often successful because of the set of relationships existing between the leaders and the followers. Through this essay efforts are made to apply relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Inc, one of the most commended leaders of recent times. An attempt is made to evaluate Steve Jobs leadership style using the following theories Hersey-Blanchard Situational Theory (Hersey Blanchard, 1988), Transactional Leadership (Bass, 1985; Adair 1990), Transformational leadership (Goodwin, Woffard Whittington, 2001; Tichy Devanna, 1986; Yammarino Dublinsky, 1994, Bass, 1990)theory will be used. After reviewing the literature on leadership theories relevant to this case study, based on the frameworks it will be argued whether Steve Jobs can be considered as an effective leader. Literature Review Today leadership is the one of the most known management topic at the same time attempts to understand still represents a challenge. A single definition cannot encompass many aspects of leadership (Bennis Nanus, 1985:4; Pfeffer, 1977; Kenny Zaccaro, 1983; Lord, DeVader, Alliger, 1986; Kirkpatrick Locke, 1991). The various theories of leadership help to solve somewhat the ambiguity of the definition . One of the reason for popularity to the leadership topic is that leaders action or inaction can effect people, not only in the success of an enterprise, but also in social field i.e.a group, an organization or a larger entity or a nation. (Hollander, 1992) The review of literature shows the concept of leaders trait and characteristics in the earlier studies of leadership {Bass (1990); Curphy, and Hogan (1994);S. A. Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) ; Kenny and Zaccaro (1983); Zaccaro, Foti,et al., (1991) ; Ferentinos (1996); Howard and Bray (1988)} and later theories considering various contextual environment of leadership along with the followers (Hollander, 1992). The research on leadership has evolved from the great man theory to the trait theory to behaviourist theory to Situational theory to contingency theory to transactional theory and to transformational leadership (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, Dennison, 2003) Hersey Blanchard situational theory (McKenna E. , 2000) This model adopt consideration to relationship and task behaviour . It extends these two dimensions of leadership to four styles i.e. tell, sell, participation, and delegation. Maturity consists of two parts-job maturity and psychological maturity. Job maturity relates to technical knowledge and task-relevant skills. Psychological maturity relates to feelings of self-confidence and ability, peoples willingness to take responsibility for directing their own behaviour. Emphasis is placed on matching a style of leadership to the maturity of subordinates, and this relationship is important in determination of leadership effectiveness (Hersey Blanchard 1982). Tell : A task oriented and directive style where highly immature subordinates would be told what to do. Sell: A relationship oriented style where Subordinates on the low side of maturity, would be persuaded that a particular course of action is the most appropriate. Subordinates on the high side of maturity will be treated with a certain amount of consideration and support would be allowed to Participate in decision making . Delegation: where subordinates, highly mature will be considered capable of exercising self-direction and self control, and a high degree of autonomy. Most important in Hersey and Blanchards theory is the focus on truly situational nature of leadership and their recognition of the need for behaviour flexibility on the part of the leader (Yukl, 1981). Barrrow (1977) and Yukl (1981) argue that though the model is prescriptive for measuring leader style, style range, and effectiveness it merits much less favourable evaluations. The concept of task-relevant maturity that has been conceptually ambiguous. According to a study by Graeff (1983), it has internal consistency problems, substantial conceptual contradiction, problems with the conceptual definition of relationship behaviour and inconsistent arguments regarding the appropriateness of participative decision making contribute. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Transactional leadership occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of something valued; that is, leaders approach followers with an eye toward exchanging (Burns, 1978) In transactional leadership, leaders gain control of their subordinates through praise, intimidation and coercion. The transactional leader specifies the standards for compliance, and may punish followers for being out of compliance with those standards (Bass Avolio, 1997). Transactional models of leadership emphasize the implicit social exchange, or transaction, that exists between leader and followers as a feature of effectiveness. This transactional approach emphasizes a more active role for followers, with the potential for two-way influence, rather than coerced compliance (Hollander, 1992) According to Bryant (2003) Consequence of transactional leadership workers are not motivated to give anything beyond what is clearly specified in their contract. Workers may also choose to utilize their excess brain capacity by consulting or starting their own business if they are not challenged and rewarded for extra effort in the firm. The transactional leadership theory is known for its in-ward looking and self-satisfying feel, known to be most appropriate for a culture with stable conditions. (McKenna E. , 2006). Burns (1978) idea of the leader as a transforming agent has been applied to organizational leadership by Bass (1985) and Bennis and Nanus (1985) especially as a source of exceptional performance. The essential point is that the leader strives to go beyond the bounds of the usual to bring about a change in followers thinking that will redirect their action(Fiedler House, 1988). The central concept in transformational leadership theory is change and the role of leadership in envisioning and implementing the transformation of organisational performance (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, Dennison, 2003) Transformational leaders create an atmosphere conducive to knowledge creation, sharing and exploitation. In particular, by using charisma, encouraging intellectual development and by paying individual attention to workers, transformational leaders motivate their workers to create and share knowledge. Transformational leaders inspire workers on to higher levels of innovation and effectiveness.(Bryant, 2003) Transformational leadership has been shown to have a positive relationship with performance.(Lowe, Kroeck, Sivasubramaniam) Despite the support that transformation leadership theory received there are still weakness which is identified by Yulk (1999) that is the transformational behaviours are found to be missing in Bass (1996) which are identified as inspiring (infusing the work with meaning), developing (enhancing follower skills and self-confidence), and empowering (Providing significant voice and discretion to followers). Authors (Bass 1985, 1996 ; Pawar Eastman, 1997; Pettigrew, 1987) are of the view that the situational variables which are missed may increase the likelihood of transformational leadership or moderate its effect on followers. Transformational leadership theory can have several detrimental consequences for the organisations as identified by (Harrison 1987; Stephens, DIntino, and Victor (1995); Porter, L. W., Bigley, G. A. 1997) first is that followers transformed to high degree of emotional involvement which makes them burn out their long-standing stress secondly, was being biased toward the top management, customers at the cost of others of the employees thirdly, different leaders with competing visions can create role ambiguity and role conflict. Bass and Steidlmeier (1999) argue that transformational leadership is unethical, it may appeal to emotions rather than to reason and it lacks the checks and balances of democratic discourse and power distribution. Yulk (1999) argues that the theory deals primarily with the leader follower behaviour and has given less attention at the group and organisational level. Part three Background to Case Study Critical Analysis In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Steve Jobs is the CEO of Apple, which he co-founded in 1976. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface which led to the creation of the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apples subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since 1997. Steve also co-founded and was the CEO of Pixar Animation Studios, which created some of the most successful and beloved animated films of all time including Toy Story, A Bugs Life, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars and Ratatouille. Pixar merged with The Walt Disney Company in 2006 and Steve now serves on Disneys board of directors. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. With Steve Job , Apple commands a dedicated consumer base and is know for its premium brands like iPad, iPhone, iPod, iTunes etc . Apples success is known under Steve Jobs Leadersip. Although it is not easy to characterize Steve Jobs leadership style to any one particular theory, to evaluate his leadership style two theories of leadership will be used the Transactional and Transformational theory and secondly the Hershey Blanchards situational theory. Steve Jobs leadership style seems to be both transactional and transformational theory. According to Bass (1985) and Burn (1978) both these theories more complementary than being competitive. Steve Jobs as a Transformational Leader As per the above literature review, transformational leaders are charismatic, vision oriented, encouraging intellectual development of their followers, inspiring and motivating to higher levels of effectiveness. The aspects that strongly claim that Steve Jobs leadership shows signs of transformational leadership is his charismatic personality. According to Rakesh Khurana (2002) Steve Jobs, the New Age wunderkind of Apple revered for his sucess in introducing people to the personal computer that could gaurantee our freedom (Khurana, 2002). As Steve Wozniak , the co-founder with Jobs of the Apple , tersely noted : he can always couch things in the right words . Steve Job is described as heart and soul of Apple. (Patterson, 1985) What was visionary about Jobs approach -where he surely added value- was his evangelical zeal to show people the future potential of the product. With this vision as foresight has caused Jobs to be dubbed the priceless proselytizer.(Uttal, 1985) Cocks (1983) argues that Apples co-founder, Steve Wozniak, blodly stated that Jobs did not understand computers, and the actual design of the machine has been widely credited to Wozniak. But as Wozniak also said, it never crossed my mind to sell computers. It was Steve who said Lets hold them up in the air and sell a few. It was Jobs who insisted that the computer be light and trim, well designed in muted colors. Jobs likewise pushed his engineers to make machines that will not frighten away a skittish clientele. (Cocks, 1983) Butcher (1988) argues that Jobs a perfectionist, adn as the organsiation gre, many in Apple experienced this as intolerance and self-absorption. Steve Hawkins an employee said Jobs such a perfectionist that people can never please him , hes extermly ambitious , almost to the point of megalomania.(Butcher, 1988) Transformational leadership is about encouraging innovation, bringing about a change in the thinking of its followers and being visionary in implementing transformation in the organisation performance. Steve Jobs as a transformational leader is seen in his efforts to bring innovative digital technology to mass consumer so that they can open their wallet(Deutschman, 2001). Evidence of Steve Jobs vision in making innovation accessible was Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings (Young, 2005) In terms of motivation and inspiring employees to give their best of performance is a characteristic of transformational leadership . Evidence of Steve Jobs motivating and inspiring his employees is when Job when first spoke of any new idea to his employees not everyone thought it to be a successful product also at times the employees were not keen on working on such new ideas. But Jobs along with his employees was able to convert the innovative ideas into a technology which changed the way digital technology is used today . Whether it is the Macintosh computer or the newly launched ipad or iphone. It was Jobs leadership which motivated and inspired and Apple created the systems and structures that were able to convert knowledge into a valuable product. Job challenge engages his employees to reach nearly impossible goals(Bryant, 2003) (MCB UP Ltd, 2002). Job used inspiring speeches to keep his employees motivated and convey his innovative ideas to them(Harvey, 2001) Butcher (1989) agrues with an evidence by Steve Hawkins, employee of Apple puts it that most of the people werent good enough for him and would really be in a state of shock after encounters with Steve. Also Steve was very ambitious along with perfectionist and that caused a lot of trouble with moral. Young (2005) adds that apple employees were pushed to the best of their capability and performance and interactions with Steves were the ones which most of the employees feared. According to Peter Elkind (2008) Steve job has conflicting behaviours and he often had his subordinates to tears and in his angry temper he fires the employees. And yet the top management has worked with him for years and they give credit Jobs for the best job they ever did was only with him.(Elkind, 2008) Steve Job in an interview stated that he has really capable people and his job is to make the whole of his executive team good enough to be successors, so thats what hes trying to do, to push them he has aggressive visions (Morris, 2008). As an Evidence the discussion of Steve job with Morris (2008) sheds light to the criticism made by researchers Steidlmeier (1999); Yukl (1999) about the transformational leadership style in the literature review and steves transformational leadership style shows the unethical or unmoral dimensions of transformational leadership style. Also Steve jobs interactions are limited to the top management and he states that his job is to work with sort of the top 100 people, among the 20000 people at Apple. This shows his interactions are not closely related with the majority of his employees. (Morris, 2008) Steve Jobs as a Transactional Leader In addition to the above arguments about the leadership style of Steve Job. Bryant (2003) is of view that Job exhibited a combination of transformational and transactional leadership style and this helped him sucess in Apple. According to Bryant (2003) Job when visited the Xerox Parc and he took a vision of how future computers should operate. And he made his employees create the systems and structures in his company Apple where knowledge was converted into valuable products e.g. the Macintosh personal computer. The transformational leadership style was used in his vision to change the way personal computer will be operated in future and transactional leadership style was used when he incorporated his vision into reality by making his the products with the help of his employees. In an interview with Morris (2008) Steve talks about his role in the company is to recruit at the same time focus on its strategy and manage the whole business from different departments and people of the company and this is a characteristics of a transactional leadership style. Hersey Blanchard situational theory applied to Steve Jobs Steve Jobs leadership style is more reliant on his followers skills and capabilities. The Hersey Blanchard situational theory model emphasis on matching a style of leadership to the maturity of subordinates this relationship shows the determination of leadership effectiveness as mentioned in the literature review. The way job leads and his style relates to this theory . The delegating style M4-S4 is evident from Steve interview with Morris (2008) where he says that if he has hired good people and they have potential he would give them a business and left them run on their own and when a good idea comes, part of my job is to move it around, just see what different people think, get people talking about it, get ideas moving among that group of 100 people, get different people together to explore different aspects of it . The participating style M3-S3 of Hersey Blanchard situational theory is where Jobs talks about the way he takes a new idea to his employees is the environment of excellence and how his employes are self motivated , he does coach them at first and inspires them and then the employees surprise him time and again with the best of their performance (Gendron, 1989). In aanand2010-08-29T23:01:00 Did not get this para. Review it televsion interview (Cringely, 1996) Steve jobs telling style M1-S1 was evident Where he argues that he is committed to the vision and rather than for money and that he has been there always for the ultimate good of the company and there has been cases where they stopped their internal work and people did not like it and but he got a better deal for the company . this radical nature of dealing with things shows he used telling style of the Hershey Blanchard theory. Conclusion: personal reflection and recommendation In contrast to Steve Job, the managing director at my work place was a person who believed in group work at the same time allowed creative talent and ideas from each person. He involved employees in the decision making and took individual views on various projects of the company. The success of Apple following return of Steve Job is credited to the effective leadership Steve has used. The review of the literature and the theories applied to Steve Jobs and my personal experience has opened my mind to areas where Steve style of leadership can progress and can be further developed. According to Bass (1985) Leaders are central to the process of creating cultures, structures and systems that fosters knowledge creation, sharing and cultivation. Certain Industries have faster rates of technological, higher level of regulation and higher competition levels and these factors impact the leaders of the organisations (Bryant, 2003). Hence, a lesson learnt from leadership is that a leader can judge the situation and can adapt different style of leadership and this makes a leader more effective and efficient. In Steve jobs style of leadership a soft approach adopted with his employees will prove him to be more affective. Because his job involves handling people who are highly knowledgeable in the field of technology, being soft on his employees or benevolent leadership can help him get best of their performance and in return profit from his human resources and realise his vision.